how this pointer arithmetic works-CodePudding

I have couple of snippets:

main()
{
    int a[] = {1,2,3,45};

    printf("%p\n", a); /* as expected print address of first element of array */
    printf("%p\n", a 1); /* expecting it to print address after this array ends as type of a is int[4] and pointer arithmetic says size of type is added to it, i.e. 16 bytes but its printing address of second element of array a, 
}

Similarly this snippet:

int main()
{   
    int *a[] = {0,1,2,3,4};
 
    printf("arr0=%d\n", *a 0);
    printf("arr1=%d\n", *a 1);
    printf("arr2=%d\n", *a 2);
    printf("arr3=%d\n", *a 3);
    printf("arr4=%d\n", *a 4);
 
    return 0;
}

It outputs:

But since pointer size is 8 bytes, and as every member of this array is pointer then why pointer size is not adding up to produce ?

CodePudding user response：

When an array in used in an expression, in most cases it will decay to a pointer to its first element.

Taking this example:

printf("%p\n", a 1);

First a decays from type int[4] to int * so it points to the first element of the array. Adding 1 to this causes it to point to the second element of the array.

Had you done this:

printf("%p\n", &a 1);

The & operator is one of the few cases where an array does not decay, so &a has type int (*)[4] i.e. a pointer to an array of size 4. Adding 1 to this results in a pointer pointing to just after the end of the array.

CodePudding user response：

Array designators used in expressions with rare exceptions are implicitly converted to pointers to their first elements.

So in the first code snippet in the call of printf the array a is converted to a pointer to its first element of the type int *

int a[] = {1,2,3,45};
//...
printf("%p\n", a 1)

Due to the pointer arithmetic the value of the expression a 1 is incremented relative to the expression a by sizeof( int ) that is equal to 4 in your system.

In the second code snippet the expression *a that is the same as a[0] has the type int * So the value of the expression *a 1 is also incremented by the value sizeof( int ).

Pay attention to that using the conversion specifier %d with a pointer expression in statements like this

printf("arr0=%d\n", *a 0);

has undefined behavior. You have to write

printf("arr0=%p\n", ( void * )( *a 0 ));