I am getting a confusing numpy error and unexpected behavior about how operation overloading works.

Why does the last line, which consists of two chained equal operations, fail, while the first two lines, which do the same thing with two possible orders as dictated by parentheses, work just fine?

import numpy as np

x = np.array([True, False])

(x == False) == True # Works fine, outputs array([False,  True])
x == (False == True) # Works fine, outputs array([False,  True])

x == False == True  # Throws error

The last line throws the following error:

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

CodePudding user response：

This is an interesting demonstration of Python's multiple-equality checks, and not to do with NumPy broadcasting. The third statement is not equivalent to either of the first two; it's actually bool(x == False) and bool(False == True). The and operator tries to coerce its arguments into booleans via calls to bool, and its this call on x == False that triggers the ValueError. This is in contrast to the first two lines, where no array is ever coerced via bool; rather, it is just broadcasted comparisons, as you said.

(See the documentation on comparison operator precedence for more information from the actual source.)