I am trying to visualise all new sockets created after a save point in Debian Linux 5.14:

ss -a > state
ss -a | grep -v -f state

Expected output : Nothing

Observed output : The same as ss -a

I checked the content of the file and every line does properly end with a $ indicating it's multine.

Can't truely grasp why this happens, did anyone encounter this before ?

CodePudding user response：

• Use -F so the lines are treated as fixed strings and not regexes. This ensures that items like * and [::ffff:127.0.0.1] are not treated as wildcards and character classes.
• For good measure, use -x to match whole lines.

$ ss -a > state
$ wc -l < state
1867
$ ss -a | grep -vxFf state | wc -l
56