Oracle database 21c Express editon: startup ORA-01031: insufficient privileges

SQL*Plus: Release 21.0.0.0.0 - Production on Wed Jan 11 14:07:51 2023
Version 21.3.0.0.0

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Enter user-name: system
Enter password:
Last Successful login time: Wed Jan 11 2023 10:30:00  07:00

Connected to:
Oracle Database 21c Express Edition Release 21.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 21.3.0.0.0

SQL> startup;
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
SQL>

Why use user system but still not inssufficient privileges?

CodePudding user response：

Connect using sys as sysdba, provide password, and then run startup.

List of users who were granted the sysdba privilege is in v$pwfile_users:

SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users;

USERNAME                       SYSDBA     SYSOPER    SYSASM
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ----------
SYS                            TRUE       TRUE       FALSE

SQL>